GLOSSARY of PETROLEUM INDUSTRY COMMON TERMS & SYMBOLS
| Abel tester: | A closed-cup flash tester for kerosene and other oils |
| Absolute pressure: | Total pressure equal to gauge pressure plus 14.7 lbs./sq. in at sea level |
| Acidity: | The presence of acid-type constituents whose concentration is usually defined in terms of neutralization number. The constituents vary in nature and may or may not markedly influence the behavior of the oil. (see neutralization number) |
| Additive: | a chemical added in small quantities to a petroleum product to improve certain properties. Such is the complexity of their action, that additives should not be incorporated indiscriminately, but should constitute well-defined components of the product’s original formulation, a formulation determined by research to yield best performance. Among the more common petroleum-product additives are: oxidation inhibitors for increasing the product’s resistance to oxidation and for lengthening its service life, rust inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors to protect lubricated surfaces against rusting and corrosion, demulsifiers to promote oil-water separation, V.I. improvers to make and oil’s viscosity less sensitive to changes in temperature, pour-point depressants to lower the pour point of petroleum products, oiliness agents, anti-wear agents, EP additives, etc., to prevent high friction, wear, or scoring under various conditions of boundary lubrication, detergents and dispersants to maintain cleanliness of lubricated parts, anti-foam agents to reduce foaming tendencies, tackiness agents to increase the adhesive properties of a lubricant, improve retention, and prevent dripping and spattering. |
| Air-Fuel Ratio: | The ratio of air weight to fuel wight consumed in an internal combustion engine or furnace. |
| Aliphatic: | A class of saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, in which the carbon atoms are joined in open chains. |
| Aniline Point: | The aniline point of a petroleum product is the minimum equilibrium solution temperature with an equal volume of freshly distilled aniline. |
| Anti-wear Agent: | an additive that minimizes wear caused by metal-to-metal contact during conditions of mild boundary lubrication (e.g. stops and starts. Oscillating motion). The additive reacts chemically with, and forms a film on metal surfaces under normal operating conditions. |
| API: | American Petroleum Institute. |
| API Gravity: |
Gravity (weight per unit volume) of oils as measured by the API scale. This standard was adopted by the API 5/4/22 as the standard for the American petroleum industries |
| Aromatics: | Group of hydrocarbons of which benzene is the parent. They are called "aromatics" because many of their derivatives have sweet or aromatic odors. |
| Ash: | Inorganic residue remaining after ignition of combustible substances determined by definite prescribed methods. |
| Asphaltenes: | Insoluble, semi-solid, or solid particles which are combustible and are highly aromatic. Asphaltenes contain a high carbon to hydrogen ratio and entrap water, fuel ashes and other impurities. |
| ASTM: | American Society for Testing Materials. Grade and quality specifications for petroleum products are determined by ASTM test methods. |
| Atomization characteristics: | The ability of an oil to be broken up into a fine spray by some mechanical means. |
| Auto-ignition Temperature characteristics: | minimum temperature at which a combustible fluid will burst into flame without an extraneous ignition source. The auto-ignition temperature assumes only enough "fuel" to form and explosive mixture in the presence of air at atmospheric pressures. The auto-ignition temperature may vary considerably depending upon the conditions of the test. For petroleum products the conditions are outlined in ASTM D 2155. Auto-ignition temperature is not to be confused with flash or fire points, which are generally a few hundred degrees lower. As a generality for gasoline, the higher the octane number, the higher the auto-ignition temperature. For a diesel fuel, the lower the cetane number, the higher the auto-ignition temperature. Such correlations are very general and assume the same boiling points or ranges in each case. In general industrial practice, auto-ignition temperature has its greatest importance with process oils such as heat transfer oils or transformer oils, and with solvents such as are used in cooking resins. |
| Barrel: | A unit of volume measurement used for petroleum and its products. 1 barrel = 42 U.S. gallons or 35 British gallons |
| Bbl: | Abbreviation for barrel. |
| Benzene: | An aromatic hydrocarbon which is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. Benzene is obtained chiefly from coal tar and is used as a solvent for resins and fats in dye manufacture. |
| Bearing Corrosion: | chemical attack on bearing metal or on one of the metals in a bearing alloy caused by acids evolved during chemical deterioration of the oil. The acids may be mild organic acids from the oil itself or, more likely, the strong acids that result from breakdown of nitrogen or sulfur compounds, which can enter the oil from several sources. |
| BHP: | Brake horsepower |
| Blender: | A device for mixing two fuel oils to achieve a less viscous and more uniform fuel. |
| Blending: | Mixing of two compatible fuels having different properties in order to produce an intermediate fuel |
| Blow By: | seepage of fuel and gases from the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine into the crankcase as the result of the high pressure differential, incomplete combustion, loose rings, etc. |
| BS & W: | Bottom sediment and water. |
| BS & W Monitor: | An instrument which detects entrained water content in petroleum products wherein the water changes the capacitive reactance as a function of the dielectric constant. |
| BTU: | British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. |
| Bunker Fuel Oil: | Heavy, residual fuel oil used in ships. |
| Calorie: | The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade, at or near maximum density. |
| Calorific Value: | Amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit weight of fuel. Usually expressed in calories per gram or BTU's per pound, the latter being numerically 1.8 times the former. |
| Catalyst: | A substance which promotes a chemical reaction, but does not itself enter into the reaction. |
| Catalytic Fines | Hard, abrasive crystalline particles of alumina, silica, and/or alumina silica that can be carried over from the fluidic catalytic cracking process of residual fuel stocks. Particle size can range from sub-micron to greater than sixty (60) microns in size. These particles become more common in the higher viscosity marine bunker fuels. |
| Cat Cracker: | A large refinery vessel for processing reduced crudes or other feed-stocks in the presence of a catalyst, as opposed to the older method of thermal cracking, which employs heat and pressure only. Catalytic cracking is generally preferred since it produces less gas and other highly volatile byproducts. It produces a motor fuel of higher octane than the thermal process. |
| Centigrade: | Temperature based on 0 for the temperature at which water freezes and 100 for the temperature at which water boils. |
| Centipoise: | 0.01 poise or centistokes times specific gravity at the test temperature. |
| Centistoke: | 0.01 stoke (see stoke) |
| Centrifuge: | A machine using centrifugal force produced by high-speed rotation for separating materials of different densities. Applied to Diesel engine fuels and lubricating oils to remove moisture and other extraneous materials. |
| Cetane Index: | An empirical measure of ignition quality. Defined as the percentage by volume of cetane in a mixture of cetane and methyl naphthalene which has the same ignition quality when used in an engine as a fuel under test. |
| CCR: | Conradson carbon residue |
| CFR Diesel fuel testing unit: | A standard engine employed in making cetane number tests of Diesel engine fuels. |
| C/H Ratio: | Carbon/Hydrogen ratio |
| Clarifier: | A machine used for a liquid-sludge separation in which the particles with a higher specific gravity are separated form the lower specific gravity of the liquid. A clarifier bowl has one outlet for the light phase oil; the heavier phase particles are retained on the bowl wall. |
| Cloud Point: | Temperature at which wax begins to crystallize from a distillate fuel. |
| Corrosion: | Detrimental change in the size or characteristics of material under conditions of exposure or use. It usually results from chemical action either regularly and slowly, as in rusting (oxidation), or rapidly, as in metal pickling. |
| Cracked: | Refers to a petroleum product produced by a secondary refining process such as thermal cracking or vis-breaking processes which yield very low quality residue. |
| Crude Oil: | naturally occurring hydrocarbon fluid that contains small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur derivatives and other impurities. It is refined to yield finished petroleum products and petrochemical feedstocks. The hydrocarbon composition of crude oils varies widely. Two broad classifications are naphthenic and paraffinic. The nature of crude oil is related to its geographical location and it is usually named accordingly. |
| cSt: | Centistokes @ 50 Centigrade |
| Cutter stock: | Flux Stock. A petroleum stock which is used to reduce the viscosity of a heavier residual stock by dilution. |
| Demulsibility: | The resistance of an oil to emulsification, or the ability of an oil to separate from any water with which it is mixed. The better the demulsibility rating, the more quickly the oil separates from water |
| Density: | Density is the term meaning the mass of a unit of volume. Its numerical expression varies with the units selected. |
| Desalter: | The desalter mixes the hydrocarbon stream with a small amount of fresh water (e.g. 10% by volume) forming a water-in-oil emulsion. The resulting emulsion is subjected to an electric field wherein the water is coalesced as an under flow from the upper flow of a relatively water-free, continuous hydrocarbon phase. The desalted hydrocarbon stream is produced at relatively low cost and has a very small residual salt content. The performance of this unit can be improved with a demulsifier, such as Alken 860 Demulsifier. |
| Detergent: | an additive in crankcase oils generally combined with (and confused with) dispersant additives. A detergent chemically neutralizes acidic contaminants in the oil before they become insoluble and fall out of the oil forming sludge. Neutral or basic compounds are created which can remain in suspension in the oil. Dispersants operate to break up insoluble contaminant particles already formed. Particles are kept finely divided so that they can remain "dispersed" or colloidally suspended in the oil. |
| Detonation: | A violent explosion involving high-velocity pressure waves; in a gasoline engine, the spontaneous combustion of part of the compresses charge after spark occurs. Detonation usually produces a characteristic metallic sound, or knock. |
| Dielectric Strength: | minimum voltage required to produce an electric arc through an oil sample under standard conditions. ASTM D 877 or D 1816. Hence, a measure of the insulating (arc-preventive) properties of a transformer oil. A low dielectric-strength value may indicate contamination, especially water. Also called the breakdown voltage. |
| Diesel index: | Product of the API gravity and the aniline point (in degrees Fahrenheit) of a Diesel fuel, divided by 100; an indication of the ignition quality of the fuel. |
| Distillation: | The process of heating a liquid to its boiling point and condensing and collecting the vapors |
| Doctor test: | A qualitative method of detecting undesirable sulfur compounds in petroleum distillates, that is, of determining whether oil is "sour" or "sweet". |
| Electrolytic process: | A process that causes the decomposition of a chemical compound by the use of electricity. |
| Emulsion: | A liquid mixture of two or more liquid substances not normally dissolved in one another, one liquid held in suspension in the other. Water-in-oil emulsions have water as the internal phase and oil as the external, while oil-in-water have oil as the internal phase and water as the external. |
| Engler viscosity: | A viscosity obtained by dividing the out-flow time in seconds for 200 ml. of the material being tested, by the time in seconds for 200 ml. of water at 68F (20C) to flow out of an Engler viscosimeter. |
| EP Agent: | an additive to improve the extreme pressure properties of a lubricant. |
| Ester: | a compound generally formed by the reaction of an alcohol with an organic acid. For example, ethyl alcohol and acetic acid produce ethyl acetate (an ester) and water. Esters were among the earliest types of synthetic lube oils; they are still widely used in this application. Esters also find applications as solvents. |
| Extreme Pressure: | see boundary lubrication, EP agent. |
| Fahrenheit: | Temperature scale based on 32F for the temperature at which water freezes and 212F for the temperature at which water boils (180 difference). Conversion to Farhenheit from Celsius (centigrade) temperature scale is by the following formula: F = 9/5C + 32, where C is the temperature in Celsius degrees. |
|
Final Boiling Point FBP: |
The highest temperature indicated on the thermometer inserted in the flask during a standard laboratory distillation. This is generally the temperature at which no more vapor can be driven over into the condensing apparatus. |
| Fire Point: | The lowest temperature at which an oil vaporizes rapidly enough to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition, under standard conditions. |
| Falex Test: | a method for determining the extreme pressure or anti-wear properties of oils and greases. A rotating pin, ¼" in diameter is clamped between 2 vee blocks in such a manner that load can be applied to the blocks. Initially, 4 line contacts are made between the pin and blocks but, with increasing load, area contacts are made. Wear can be measured by determining the width of the contact areas or the weight loss of pin and blocks. |
| Flash point: | minimum temperature (°F) of a petroleum product or other combustible fluid at which vapour is produced at a rate sufficient to yield a combustible mixture. Specifically, it is the lowest sample temperature at which the air vapour mixture will "flash" in the presence of an ignition source (small flame). Flash point may be determined by the following ASTM Methods: closed cup (covered sample container): D 93 "Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester" for fuel oils - also for cutback asphalts and other viscous materials and suspensions of solids: open cup (uncovered sample container): D 92 "Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup" for lubricating oils. As indicated, this last method provides also for the determination of a fire point. Fire point is the minimum sample temperature at which vapour is produced at a sufficient rate to sustain combustion. Specifically, it is the lowest sample temperature at which the ignited vapour persists in burning for at least 5 seconds. Since the fire points of commercial petroleum oils ordinarily run about 50°F above the corresponding flash point, they are often omitted from petroleum-oil data. Flash and fire points have obvious safety connotations - the higher the test temperature, the less the hazard of fire or explosion. Of comparable significance, however, is their value in providing a simple indication of volatility, where a lower flash point denotes a more volatile material. The dilution of a crankcase oil with fuel, for example, lowers the flash point. With hydrocarbon solvents, flash point can be roughly related to initial boiling point (IBP) by the formula: Flash Point = (0.79 X IBP) - 136, where all units are degrees Fahrenheit. Flash and fire points should not be confused with auto-ignition temperature, the temperature at which combustion occurs spontaneously (without and external source of ignition). |
| Floc Point: | highest temperature at which waxy particles solidify to give a cloudy appearance to a mixture of 10% oil in Refrigerant 12. Hence flocculation. A low floc point is desirable for refrigeration lubrication, in which waxy particles might otherwise settle out. Not to be confused with cloud point, a similar test value determined for the oil, or fuel, without mixture with refrigerant. |
| Foaming: | may occur when a liquid is intimately mixed with air. Foaming may result in reduced film strength of a lubricant because of the entrained air. Erratic and poor fluid power transmission due to foaming may cause poor operational performance. Test methods provide an indication of foaming tendency and are reported on empirical ratings. |
| Foam Inhibitor: | an additive which causes foam to dissipate more rapidly. It promotes the combination of small bubbles into large bubbles which burst more easily. |
| Force Majeure: | A standard clause which indemnifies either or both parties to a transaction whenever events reasonably beyond the control of either or both parties occur to prevent fulfillment of the terms of the contract. |
| Fraction: | resistance to motion offered by a surface or substance as a result of its contact with another surface or substance. Sliding (kinetic) friction is that which occurs between two solid bodies, while fluid friction is that which occurs between the molecules of a fluid in motion. Sliding friction is measured in units of the resistive force, while fluid friction is measured in terms of shear stress. Both types of friction can be wasteful of power and energy, and sliding friction causes wear. In other respects, however, their characteristics are diametrically opposite. Whereas sliding friction is independent of speed and area, fluid friction varies with speed and area. Whereas sliding friction is directly proportional to the load (force normal to the sliding plane), fluid friction is independent of load (fluid pressure). Fluid friction also decreases with lower fluid viscosity. In general, lubrication is the substitution of low fluid friction in place of high sliding friction and the resulting wear. |
| Fuel oil: | The heavy distillates from the oil refining process; used as fuel for power stations, marine boilers. |
| Fungible: | Interchangeable. Products which can be commingled for purposes of pipeline shipment. |
| Gasoil: | Designation for No.2 heating oils and diesel fuels. A clean distillate fuel oil. |
| Gravity: | Weight-per-unit-volume relationship. With petroleum products, this relationship may be expressed as specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a volume of the product at a designated temperature to the weight of an equal volume of water - also at a designated temperature. The designated temperature is often 60°F in both cases. The higher the specific gravity, the "heavier" the material. Petroleum products may also be defined in terms of API gravity (ASTM D287) in accordance with the formula: API Gravity (degrees) = _____141.5______ - 131.5 Specific Gravity 60/60°F Hence, the higher the API value, the "lighter" the material. Kerosene has an API gravity of about 41.4 and a specific gravity of about 0.82. A measurement related to specific gravity is density, the weight of a given volume at a specified temperature, as pounds per gallon at 60°F. While the specific weight of a petroleum product has little quality significance, it does have a bearing on freight rates and on fuel loads for aircraft and ships. For a given type of fuel, moreover, the higher the specific weight, the greater the heating value. |
| Heat of Combustion Gross: | Total heat evolved during complete combustion of unit weight of a substance, usually expresses in BTU per pound. |
| Heat of Combustion Net: | Gross heat of combustion minus the latent heat of condensation of any water produced. |
| Heavy crude: | Crude oil with a high specific gravity and a low API gravity due to the presence of a high proportion of heavy hydrocarbon fractions and metallic content. |
| Homogenizer: | A mechanical device which is used to create a stable, uniform dispersion of an insoluble phase (asphaltenes) within a liquid phase (fuel oil). |
| HP: | Horsepower |
| HHV: | Higher heating value |
| Hydrodynamic Lubrication: | that which is effected solely by the "pumping" action developed by the sliding of one surface over another in contact with a lubricating oil. Adhesion to the moving surface draws the oil into the high-pressure area between the surfaces, and viscosity retards the tendency to squeeze the oil out. If the pressure developed by this action is sufficient to completely separate the two surfaces - as it ordinarily is - full-fluid-film lubrication is said to prevail. |
| Hydrometer: | An instrument for determining the gravity of a liquid. |
| IBP: | Initial Boiling Point. In a standard laboratory distillation, the temperature on the distillation thermometer at the moment the first drop of distillate falls from the condenser. |
| Innage: | Space occupied in a product container. |
| IP: | British Institute of Petroleum. |
| Ionization: | The process of adding electrons to, or removing electrons from, atoms or molecules, thereby creating ions. High temperatures, electrical discharges, and nuclear radiation can cause ionization. |
| Kinematic Viscosity: |
The ratio of the absolute viscosity of a liquid to its specific gravity at the temperature at which the viscosity is measured. Expressed in Stokes or Centistokes. Example: Viscosity, kinematic, cS @ 100F.....5.2 |
| Latent heat: | Heat required to change the state of a unit weight of a substance from solid to liquid or from liquid to vapor without change of temperature. |
| Layering: | This occurs in tanks when a high density fuel is mixed with a low density fuel. |
| LHV: | Lower Heating Value |
| Lifting: | Refers to tankers and barges taking on cargoes of oil or refined product at the terminal or transshipment point. |
| Light Crude: | Crude oil with a low specific gravity and high API gravity due to the presence of a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions and low metallic compound. |
| Light Ends: | The more volatile products of petroleum refining; eg. butane, propane, gasoline. |
| Liter: | A measure of capacity in the metric system equal to 61,022 cubic inches, 0.908 US quarts dry and 1.0567 US quarts wet. |
| Long Ton: | An avoirdupois weight measure equalling 2,240 pounds. |
| Lubricity: | a moderate load-carrying ability over and above that indicated by its viscosity. The property can be enhanced by additive treatment. |
| Marine Diesel Oil (MDO): | Marine Diesel oil is a middle distillate fuel oil which can contain traces often percent (10%) or more residual fuel oil from transportation contamination and/or heavy fuel oil blending. The MDO does not require heated storage. |
| MCR: | Maximum continuous rating |
| MDO: | Marine Diesel Oil |
| Metric Ton: | A weight measure equal to 1,000 kilograms, 2,204.62 pounds, and 0.9842 long tons. |
| Mg/L: | Milligrams per liter = ppm (parts per million) - expresses a measure of the concentration by weight of a substance per unit volume. |
| Middle Distillate: | Term applied to hydrocarbons in the so-called "middle range" of refinery distillation. Examples: heating oil, diesel fuels, and kerosene. |
| Micron: | A unit of length. One millionth of a meter or one thousandth of a millimeter. One micron equals 0.00004 of an inch. |
| Miscible: | mutually soluble. Water and alcohol are miscible; whereas water and petroleum oil are immiscible. |
| Molecule: | The smallest division of a compound that still retains or exhibits all the properties of the substance. |
| Motor Gasoline: | A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, that have been blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. |
| mm: | Millimeter |
| MSDS: | Material safety data sheet - a document that provides pertinent information and a profile of a particular hazardous substance or mixture. An MSDS is normally developed by the manufacturer or formulator of the hazardous substance or mixture. The MSDS is required to be made available to employees and operators whenever there is the likelihood of the hazardous substance or mixture being introduced into the workplace. Some manufacturers prepare MSDS for products that are NOT considered to be hazardous to show that the product or substance is NOT hazardous. |
| Naphtha: | A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production, to produce motor gasoline by blending with straight-run gasoline. |
| Naphthenes: | One of three basic hydrocarbon classifications found naturally in crude oil. Naphthenes are widely used as petrochemical feedstock. Examples are: cyclopentane; methyl-,ethyl, and propylcyclopentane. |
| Neutralization number: | the specific quantity of reagent required to "neutralize" the acidity or alkalinity of a lube oil sample. Either of these characteristics - acidity or alkalinity - may be exhibited by an unused oil, depending on its composition. In addition, certain additives impart acidity, while alkalinity may be derived from the presence of detergents or of basic material added to control oxidation. In service, the oil will, in time, show increasing acidity as the result of oxidation and, in some cases, additive depletion. Though acidity is not, of itself, necessarily harmful, an increase in acidity may be indicative of oil deterioration, and neut number is widely used to evaluate the condition of an oil in service. The most common measurement is acid number. The specific quantity of KOH (potassium hydroxide) required to counterbalance the acid characteristics. How high an acid number can be tolerated depends on the oil and the service conditions: and only broad experience with the individual situation can determine such a value. Neut number is determined in accordance with the ASTM Method D 664 or D 974. The former is a potentiometric method, the latter, colorimetric. Values for total acid, strong acid, total base, and strong base can, where they exist, be obtained. Strong acid numbers are considered to be related to inorganic acids, such as those derived from sulfur, while the difference between the total and strong acid numbers is attributed to weak (organic) acids - possibly the products of oxidation. A total acid number (TAN) and total base number (TBN) can exist simultaneously, both representing components too weak to completely neutralize the other. When results are reported simply as "neut number" or "acid number" , a total acid number (TAN) is implied. |
| NH3N: | Ammonia nitrogen. |
| NPDES permit: | National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit is the regulatory agency document issued by either a federal or state agency which is designated to control all discharges of pollutants from point sources into U.S. waterways. NPDES permits regulate discharges into navigable waters from all point sources of pollution, including industries, municipal wastewater treatment plants, sanitary landfills, large agricultural feed lots and return irrigation flows. |
| Oil: | Crude petroleum and other hydrocarbons produced at the wellhead in liquid form |
| Olefins: | Class of unsaturated paraffin hydrocarbons recovered from petroleum. Typical examples include: butane, ethylene and propylene. |
| OSHA: | The Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) is a law designed to protect the health and safety of industrial workers and treatment plant operators. It regulates the design, construction, operation and maintenance of industrial plants and wastewater treatment plants. The Act does not apply directly to municipalities, EXCEPT in those states that have approved plans and have asserted jurisdiction under Section 18 of the OSHA Act. Wastewater treatment plants have come under stricter regulation in all phases of activity as a result of OSHA standards. OSHA also refers to the federal and state agencies which administer the OSHA regulations. |
| Oxidation: | a form of chemical deterioration to which petroleum products - like most other organic materials - are subject. The resistance of many petroleum products to oxidation, however, is very high. Oxidation usually involves the addition of oxygen atoms, and the result is nearly always one of degradation. It is accelerated by higher temperatures, the reaction becoming significant at temperatures above 160°F. For every 18°F rise, the rate of oxidation doubles. Oxidation is also promoted by the presence of catalytic metals, copper being particularly active in this latter respect. What is more, the peroxides that are the initial products of oxidation are themselves oxidizing agents. So the oxidation of petroleum products is a chain reaction: the farther is progresses, the more rapid it becomes. With fuels and lube oils, oxidation produces sludges, varnishes, gums, and acids, all of which are undesirable. Nevertheless, many oils, such as turbine oils, give years of service without need for replacement. Petroleum products that require a long service or storage life can be formulated to meet requirements by: 1. Proper selection of crude type. Paraffinic oils are noted for natural resistance to oxidation: 2. thorough refining, which removes oxidation-susceptible materials and allows greater response to inhibitors: 3. addition of oxidation inhibitors. Long service is also promoted by good maintenance practices - filtration, centrifuging, or other means of controlling contamination: limiting duration or intensity of high temperatures: eliminating the presence of air and of catalytic metals. For information on the prediction of an oil’s oxidation stability, consult this heading. For information on determining the degree of deterioration sustained by a used oil and hence, its suitability for further service, see neut number, IFT. |
| Oxidizing agent: | Any substance such as oxygen and chlorine , that can accept electrons. When oxygen or chlorine is added to wastewater, organic substances are oxidized. These oxidized organic substances are more stable and less likely to give off odors or to contain disease bacteria. |
| Outage: | Space left in a product container to allow for expansion during the temperature changes it may undergo during shipment and application. Measurement of space that is NOT occupied in a drum. |
| Ozonation: | The application of ozone to water, wastewater, or air, generally for the purposes of disinfection or odor control. |
| Particulate: | Free suspended solids. |
| PAH: | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (occasionally polyaluminum hydroxide) |
| PCB: | Polychlorinated biphenyls; polychloro-biphenyls. Difficult to remediate chemical used in old-style transformers. Concentrated PCBs used to be referred to as "1268". |
| Pensky-Martens: | A closed-cup test for flash points of oil. |
| Peristaltic pump: | A type of positive displacement pump. |
| Petrochemical: | An intermediate chemical derived from petroleum, hydrocarbon liquids or natural gas, such as: ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene and xylene. |
| Petroleum: | A generic name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, natural gas liquids, natural gas and their products. |
| pH: | pH is an expression of the intensity of the basic or acidic condition of a liquid. Mathematically, pH is the logarithm (base 10) of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH may range from 0 to 14, where 0 is most acidic, 14 most basic, and 7 is neutral. Natural waters usually have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5. |
| Phenol: | An organic compound that is an alcohol derivative of benzene. |
| PIB: | Product Information Bulletin. General information on a product. |
| Pollution: | The impairment (reduction) of water quality by agriculture, domestic or industrial wastes (including thermal and radioactive wastes) to such a degree as to hinder any beneficial use of the water or render it offensive to the senses of sight, taste, or smell or when sufficient amounts of waste creates or poses a potential threat to human health or the environment. |
| Polymer: | A chemical formed by the union of many monomers (a molecule of low molecular weight). Polymers are used with other chemical coagulants to aid in binding small suspended particles to form larger chemical flocs for easier removal from water. All polyelectrolytes are polymers, but not all polymers are polyelectrolytes. |
| Polymerization: | Process of combining two or more simple molecules of the same type, called monomers, to form a single molecule having the same elements in the same proportion as in the original molecules, but having increased molecular weight. The product of the combination is a polymer. |
| Pour Point: | Lowest temperature at which an oil will pour or flow under certain prescribed conditions. |
| ppm: | Parts per million - the unit commonly used to designate the concentration of a substance in a wastewater in terms of weight ie. one pound per million pounds, etc. PPM is synonymous with the more commonly used term mg/L (milligrams per liter). |
| Purifier: | A machine used for a liquid-liquid separation in which the two intermixed liquids which are insoluble in each other have different specific gravities. Solids with specific gravities higher than those of the liquids can be separated off at the same time. A purifier bowl has two outlets; one for the light phase liquid and one for the heavy phase liquid. |
| Ramsbottom coke: | A carbon residue test originated by Dr. J.R. Ramsbottom in England. |
| Reagent: | A pure chemical substance that is used to make new products or is used in chemical tests to measure, detect, or examine other substances. |
| Recycle: | The use of water or wastewater within (internally) a facility before it is discharged to a treatment system. |
| Reduced Crude Oil: | Crude oil that has undergone at least one distillation process to separate some of the lighter hydrocarbons. Reducing crude lowers its API gravity, but increases the handling safety by raising the flash point. |
| Reducing agent: | Any substance, such as the base metal (iron) or the sulfide ion that will readily donate (give up) electrons. The opposite of an oxidizing agent. |
| Redwood viscosity: | The number of seconds required for 50 ml. of an oil to flow out of a standard Redwood viscosimeter at a definite temperature; British viscosity standard. |
| Refinery: | A plan used to separate the various components present in crude oil and convert them into usable products or feedstock for other processes. |
|
Residual Fuel Oil: |
Heavy fuel oils produced from the non-volatile residue from the fractional distillation process. Heavy oils that are "leftovers" from various refining processes. Heavy black oils used in marine boilers and in heating plants. |
| Saybolt Furol viscosity: | A viscosity test similar in nature to the Saybolt Universal viscosity test but one more appropriate for testing high=viscosity oils. Certain transmission and gear oils, and heavy fuel oils are rated by this method. The results obtained are approximately 1/10th the viscosity which would be shown by the Saybolt Universal method. |
| SSF: | Seconds Saybolt Furol |
| SSU: | Seconds Saybolt Universal |
| Short ton: | An avoirdupois measure of weight equal to 2,000 lbs. |
| Slagging: | Formation of hard deposits on boiler tubes and/or piston crowns, usually due to the presence of sodium, vanadium and sulfur. |
| Sludge: | Deposits in fuel tanks and caused by the presence of wax, sand, scale, asphaltenes, tars, water, etc. The "sludge" formed in a #6 fuel oil storage tank is mostly composed of heavy hydrocarbons. Alken Even-Flo® 905 eliminates this type of sludge by breaking the sludge into small particles and re-suspending them in the fuel for more efficient combustion. The "sludge" formed in diesel storage tanks is a combination of water with fungus and bacteria, which grow on the unevenly mixed water/fuel interface. Adding Alken Even-Flo® 910 and 910S to stored fuel promotes a clean separation of water and fuel, reducing the substrate upon which bacteria and fungus can grow. Since the bacteria and fungus bind to the separated water, they can be removed by draining the water from the storage tank. If draining the storage tank is impossible, EF 905 and 910E will emulsify the water into tiny droplets and break the sludge into such small particles that they will no longer clog filters and will efficiently burn. |
| Soluble: | Matter or compounds capable of dissolving into a solution. |
| Solvent: | A substance, normally a liquid, which is capable of absorbing another liquid, gas, or solid to form a homogeneous mixture. |
| Specifications: |
Term referring to the properties of a given
crude oil or petroleum product, which are "specified" since they often
vary widely even within the same grade of product. In the normal process
of negotiation, seller will guarantee buyer that product or crude to be
sold will meet certain specified limits, and will agree to have such
limits certified in writing. Generally the major qualities of oil for which a buyer would demand a guarantee are: API gravity (or specific gravity, in some cases), sulfur percentage measured by weight, pour point measured by degrees C maximum, viscosity min./max., BS&W percentage by weight, etc. |
| Specific gravity: | Weight of a particle, substance or chemical solution in relation to an equal volume of water at 15C. Abbreviated as Sp.Gr. |
| Specific heat: | The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit weight of a substance by 1 degree; usually expresses as calories/gram/C or BTU/lb./F. |
| Spec. Sheet: | Specification Sheet. Detailed information of a product including, tests, color, odor, specific gravity, bacterial strains, other major ingredients, etc. |
| SIT: | Spontaneous Ignition Temperature. The temperature at which an oil ignites of its own accord in the presence of air or oxygen under standard conditions. |
| SR1: | Seconds Redwood # 1 @ 100 F |
| Stabilize: | To convert to a form that resists change. Organic material is stabilized by bacteria which convert the material to gases and other relatively inert substances. Stabilized organic material generally will not give off obnoxious odors. |
| Static mixer: | A motionless mixer which has a series of fixed, geometric elements enclosed within a tubular housing. The internal elements impart flow division and radial mixing to the media flowing through the housing to produce a uniform dilution of the production. |
| Stoke: | The unit of kinematic viscosity |
| Straight-Run: | Refers to a petroleum product produced by the primary distillation of crude oil, free of cracked components. |
| Stratification: | Occurs in blended fuels that have a compatibility problem. It is usually experienced when paraffinic based oils are mixed with asphaltic based oils, causing asphaltenes to precipitate and settle to the bottom of the tank. |
| STP: | Standard Temperature (25C) and Pressure (300 mm Mercury). |
| Sulfur: | An element that is present in crude oil and natural gas as an impurity in the form of its various compounds. |
| Surfactant: | Surface-active agent. The active agent in detergents that possesses a high cleaning ability. Used in a spray solution to improve its sticking and wetting properties when applied to plants, algae, or petroleum. |
| Tag-Robinson Colorimeter: | An instrument used to determine the color of oils. Also a scale of color values. |
| TBN: | Total Base Number. ASTM D2896. This is measured in mg. KOH needed to neutralize an acidic solution through a reverse titration. TBN is the ability of the product to neutralize acid. In a motor oil, this is a property which allows the oil to neutralize acids from combustion that would otherwise degrade the oil. |
| Thermal Value: | Calories per gram of BTU per pound produced by burning fuels. |
| Topped Crude Oil: | Oil from which the light ends have been removed by a simple refining process. Also referred to as "reduced crude oil". |
|
Total Existent Sediment: |
Combination of inorganic and hydrocarbon sediments existing in a fuel as delivered. |
| Toxic: | A substance which is poisonous to a living organism. |
| Toxicity: | The relative degree of being poisonous or toxic. A condition which may exist in wastes and will inhibit or destroy the growth or function of certain organisms. |
| Ubbehohde viscosimeter: | A suspended level apparatus for accurately determining the viscosity of a liquid. |
| Ullage: | The amount which a tank or vessel lacks of being full. |
| Vanadium Inhibitor: | An organic and/or inorganic metal bearing chemical intended to chemically and/or physically combine with the compounds formed during combustion of heavy fuel oil to improve the surface properties of the treated ash compounds. |
| Viscosimeter: | A device for determining the viscosity of oil. There are several methods or devices in general use. Basically, a fixed quantity of oil is allowed to pass through a fixed orifice at a specified temperature over a measured time span and then compared to a standard liquid such as a calibration oil or water. |
| Viscosity: | Measure of the internal friction or resistance of an oil to flow. As the temperature of an oil is increased, its viscosity decreases and it is therefore able to flow more readily. Viscosity is measured on several different scales, including Redwood No. 1 at 100F, Engler Degrees, Saybolt Seconds, etc. The most common method for designation of viscosity is kinematic viscosity, measured in centistokes, cst @ 50Centigrade. (See Saybolt Furol, Saybolt Universal, Engler, Redwood, Kinematic) |
| Vis-Breaking: | A light thermal cracking process carried out on a fuel oil during the refining process to reduce product viscosity without blending. |
| Volatile: | A volatile substance is one that is capable of being evaporated or changed to a vapor at a relatively low temperature. Volatile substances also can be partially removed by air stripping. |